{"id":2255,"date":"2026-10-06T12:06:48","date_gmt":"2026-10-06T19:06:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/?p=2255"},"modified":"2026-10-07T09:01:36","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T16:01:36","slug":"on-solid-ground-your-property-rights","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/2026\/10\/06\/on-solid-ground-your-property-rights\/","title":{"rendered":"On Solid Ground: Your Property Rights"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2255\" class=\"elementor elementor-2255\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b7ef7f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b7ef7f9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f74b574\" data-id=\"7f74b574\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c442c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26c442c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">On Solid Ground<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519431ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"519431ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Your Property Rights<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4cebe7 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d4cebe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-2289\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-284267de elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"284267de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4e3b529b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4e3b529b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4499df2\" data-id=\"4499df2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7915b534 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7915b534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30a70580 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30a70580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Welcome! Below you will find a helpful guide to debunking the most common myths about property law in Canada. There are many misconceptions about what the law says about property, and the different forms of property that exist. Our information below busts those myths.<br \/><br \/>To deepen your knowledge, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/courses\/property-rights-in-canada\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enroll in our FREE online course on Property Rights in Canada<\/a><\/strong> and learn more at your own pace.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No other organization in the country is doing more to advocate for property rights in our country than the Canadian Constitution Foundation. Thank you to our donors for making this work possible.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is legal information only. Please consult a lawyer if you need legal advice. If you believe your property rights may have been harmed and you want to request that the CCF consider assisting with your case, visit <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/casesubmission\/\"><b><i>TheCCF.ca\/casesubmission<\/i><\/b><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bc671ca\" data-id=\"2bc671ca\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57f1c3f9 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"57f1c3f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1-1024x853.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2289\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1-1024x853.png 1024w, https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1-768x640.png 768w, https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1-600x500.png 600w, https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/10\/Property-Rights-Icon-1.png 1374w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b1ad2ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b1ad2ec\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d364792\" data-id=\"4d364792\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65101e83\" data-id=\"65101e83\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542e80c3 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"542e80c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c06348a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2c06348a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362879fd\" data-id=\"362879fd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f79b9a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f79b9a7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34eb07a5\" data-id=\"34eb07a5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5885c057 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5885c057\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cTrue or False?\u201d (click to expand)<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ab5440d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ab5440d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-28679eff\" data-id=\"28679eff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5be6c55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5be6c55\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-443c982\" data-id=\"443c982\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d9e1848 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"4d9e1848\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-toggle{text-align:start}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0;padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;cursor:pointer;outline:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon{display:inline-block;width:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon svg{margin-inline-start:-5px;width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-right{float:right;text-align:right}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-left{float:left;text-align:left}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active{border-bottom:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{padding:12px}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:12px 10px}}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-toggle,.e-con>.elementor-widget-toggle{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1301\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1301\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cCanadians don\u2019t have any property rights because they\u2019re not listed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1301\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1301\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>FALSE<\/strong><br \/><br \/><\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Canadians do in fact enjoy broad property rights, even though it is not one of the many enumerated rights and freedoms guaranteed by the <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/Collection\/CH37-4-3-2002E.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms<\/i><\/a><i>.<\/i><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While property rights are not explicitly enumerated in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/Collection\/CH37-4-3-2002E.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charter<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, they are deeply rooted in the Magna Carta, common law, statutes, and natural law principles that underpin our constitutional tradition.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Property rights are sometimes described as a\u00a0 \u201cbundle\u201d of related rights that co-exist and\u00a0 guarantee (in the simplest terms) that something is yours and not someone else\u2019s.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These rights are derived from different sources and include written statutes, historical conventions, and traditional understandings about the sorts of things a person can claim possession and exclusive control over a thing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many of these sources pre-date the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/Collection\/CH37-4-3-2002E.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charter<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and Canada itself. Some argue they are found in \u201cnatural law\u201d and exist without being written down.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statutes that protect property rights include the 1960 Federal <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/PDF\/C-12.3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bill of Rights<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which recognizes enjoyment of property and due process, although it only applies to federal legislation. The Quebec <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca\/fr\/document\/lc\/c-12?langCont=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> explicitly protects enjoyment of property too. The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alberta <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/kings-printer.alberta.ca\/1266.cfm?page=A14.cfm&amp;leg_type=Acts&amp;isbncln=9780779850273\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bill of Rights<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> protects against government taking property without compensation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1302\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1302\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cThe government can take private property for public purposes as long as it compensates the owner and follows certain rules.\u201d <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1302\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1302\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRUE<br \/><br \/><\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government can regulate or expropriate (that is take for its own purposes) property for public benefit if they follow certain procedures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When governments wish to take property for a new highway or railway, they can legally do so but they must follow statutes such as the federal <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/PDF\/E-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expropriation Act, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RSC 1985, c E-21,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which gives property owners certain due process rights including the ability to argue about what counts as fair compensation.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But what if it isn\u2019t obvious that the government has actually taken possession of someone\u2019s property? Can that ever be the case?\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes, the common law protects owners against such arbitrary interferences. The doctrine of &#8220;constructive taking&#8221; (sometimes called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de facto<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> expropriation) requires compensation when regulations or other government actions strip a property of all reasonable uses and the government gains an advantage from it. A famous example of this is when Halifax regulated a private property to turn it into a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de facto<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> public park without compensating the owners (see <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/decisions.scc-csc.ca\/scc-csc\/scc-csc\/en\/item\/19534\/index.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Annapolis Group Inc. v. Halifax Regional Municipality, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2022 SCC 36)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1303\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1303\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cProperty law in Canada is exclusively dealt with at the Provincial level.\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1303\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1303\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FALSE<\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\u201cProperty and civil rights\u201d are an exclusively provincial power under the division of powers in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/stat\/30---31-vict-c-3\/latest\/30---31-vict-c-3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitution Act, 1867 <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(UK)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That said, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitution Act, 1867 <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gives the exclusive power to regulate some aspects of our lives to the federal government in Ottawa that touch upon property.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, Ottawa can impact property rights through its exclusive powers including the powers over the military and defence (by deciding where bases get built), Indians and Lands reserved for the Indians (by regulating property rights on reserves) or interprovincial works and undertakings (impacting property by building airports and railways).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Municipalities are creatures of the province and therefore they can regulate property rights too.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1304\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1304\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cIt\u2019s my property, I can do what I want with it.\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1304\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1304\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FALSE<\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>Property is best understood as a &#8220;bundle of rights&#8221; rather than one absolute claim. These rights include usage, excluding other people from it and transferring it to other people, but property owners are also subject to social obligations that come with property ownership, such as public safety, environmental regulations, and not creating nuisances like fires or excessive noise.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the nature of the property in question, one\u2019s ability to do as one wishes is limited by a large array of provincial and federal statutes, by-laws and by the common law (binding, judge-written rules).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A detached house may be subjected to by-laws that regulate how high it can be or how much space it can take up. A condominium unit will be subject to the condo corporation\u2019s rules as outlined in its unique by-laws dealing with renovations, aesthetics, the ability to keep pets, etc. Condo owners have very little authority over these rules and by-laws except through their votes in condo board elections and annual meetings.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1305\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1305\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cI\u2019ve worked on and improved this property for years, so I may have at least partial ownership.\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1305\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1305\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRUE<\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>Ordinarily, ownership is conferred (and confirmed) by legal title; literally a document that denotes the person who enjoys the entire bundle of property rights.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> However, in some circumstances the court can determine that someone other than the lawful owner also has some legal interest in the property. This occurs most often in cases of so-called \u201cunjust enrichment.\u201d Unjust enrichment refers to a situation in which one party benefits at the expense of another.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is typically <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">very <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">difficult to demonstrate. The threshold is very high.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, the Supreme Court of Canada <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/decisions.scc-csc.ca\/scc-csc\/scc-csc\/en\/item\/2562\/index.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">found <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that a spouse\u2019s decades-long involvement, contribution, and effort supporting her spouse\u2019s business entitled her to an interest in the business when their relationship ended. This occurred despite all of the assets of the business being under her spouse\u2019s name. The Court found that to leave the spouse with nothing whatsoever would be unfair. In that case, the defendant had been enriched (i.e., he benefited from his ex-spouse\u2019s efforts over years), the plaintiff had suffered by the degree to which the defendant benefitted, and there was no juristic reason (like a contract between them) that justified the imbalance.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1306\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1306\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cProperty refers only to land or objects.\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1306\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1306\"><h4>FALSE<br \/><br \/><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When we think of \u201cproperty rights,\u201d we are usually thinking about land, which lawyers call \u201creal property,\u201d or possessions like a truck or a boat. But property can also be non-tangible.\u00a0 For example, intellectual property (\u201cIP\u201d) refers to the exclusive rights enjoyed by the creator of an idea, design, work of art, invention, and so forth, as the case may be.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Naturally, no one believes that buying a book transfers ownership of the book\u2019s ideas or story to the purchaser. Instead, the purchaser enjoys a license: the ability to use, share, and engage with the creative product.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A license is best understood as a conditional right to access the property. For example, unlike purchasing a physical book, purchasing an e-book grants a licence that may be revoked, depending on the terms and conditions, making the e-book inaccessible.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Canada, the major forms of intellectual property\u2014copyright, patents, and trademarks\u2014are governed by federal statutes; the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/stat\/rsc-1985-c-c-42\/latest\/rsc-1985-c-c-42.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copyright Act, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RSC 1985, c C-42<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/stat\/rsc-1985-c-p-4\/latest\/rsc-1985-c-p-4.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patent Act,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> RSC 1985<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, c P-4, and the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/laws\/stat\/rsc-1985-c-t-13\/latest\/rsc-1985-c-t-13.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trademarks Act<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, RSC 1985, c T-13<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, respectively.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intriguingly, intellectual property is not the only form of non-tangible property. In<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/decisions.scc-csc.ca\/scc-csc\/scc-csc\/en\/item\/6117\/index.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manitoba Fisheries Ltd. v. The Queen<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1978 CanLII 22 (SCC), [1979] 1 SCR 101<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, clarified that a company\u2019s \u201cgoodwill\u201d (i.e., the relationships they had developed with customers and reputation) was a form of property. In that case, the federal government passed a law (the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freshwater Fish Marketing Act<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) that, among other things, created the federal Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation and granted it a commercial monopoly \u201cin the export of fish.\u201d Doing so prohibited Manitoba Fisheries Ltd. (and anyone else) from carrying on the business of exporting fish, effectively putting the company out of business. No compensation was provided. The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had effectively taken the company\u2019s property, namely, the goodwill they had spent years building.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1307\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1307\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cFinders keepers. If I find something and the true owner can\u2019t be identified, it\u2019s mine.\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1307\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1307\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRUE<br \/><br \/><\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possession and ownership are not the same thing, although possession does allow for a powerful property claim. Generally speaking, when something lost is then found, the \u201cfinder\u201d can argue that he enjoys the complete bundle of property rights associated with ownership; second only to the \u201ctrue owner.\u201d But if the true owner turns up, they have to give it back. <br \/><br \/>Using a wristwatch as an example, the true owner or prior owner, is that person who can prove that the watch is actually his and was just lost. In other words, losing the watch does not necessarily transfer ownership to the person who finds it, nor does it prevent its recovery later.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of course, it could be the case that there is no prior owner. That is, the original owner of the watch may have abandoned it altogether and relinquished any interest in it. In such a situation, there is no possibility of anyone else asserting ownership and the finder gets to keep it.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A notable exception to the general rule that a finder may keep found property relates to proceeds of crime. In 1997, a VIA Rail employee found an unattended duffel bag in Toronto\u2019s Union Station. Within the bag was $90,000 USD. The employee applied to the court for an order declaring that the found property was rightfully his (see <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stonkus v. R<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">., 2001 CarswellOnt 1565, [2001] O.J. No. 1771, 50 W.C.B. (2d) 82). The court denied his application because the money was discovered to be connected to a criminal transaction.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1308\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1308\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cIt\u2019s possible to claim ownership of a piece of land by simply squatting there for 10 years.\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1308\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1308\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FALSE<br \/><br \/><\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So-called \u201csquatter\u2019s rights,\u201d referred to legally as \u201cadverse possession,\u201d are now significantly restricted across Canada, although there is variation between the provinces. <br \/><br \/>Alberta has effectively abolished any claim of ownership on the basis of adverse possession. With few exceptions, the true owner of the land can go to court to recover his land at any point in time.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In British Columbia, the only remaining property rights gained by adverse possession are those established before July 1, 1975.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario, anyone seeking to claim a right to possess land must have done so before the provinces\u2019 respective conversion from a land registry system (where deeds were registered) to a land titles system (where titles are guaranteed by government in a public database). In Ontario, this began in the late 1990s.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asserting squatter\u2019s rights, even where it is still theoretically possible, is difficult. Generally, the person claiming ownership in this form must prove (1) actual possession for the statutory period (for example, 10 years in Ontario), (2) that the possession was with the intention of excluding the owner, and (3) the uninterrupted exclusion of the owner for the entire period of time.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1309\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1309\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cWhat happens to my property when I die depends upon whether I\u2019m married or not, and whether or not I have a will.\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1309\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1309\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRUE<br \/><br \/><\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How property is distributed when a person dies is determined by whether he or she was married or not and whether he or she had a valid will or not.\u00a0<br \/><br \/>A person without a will is referred to as \u201cintestate.\u201d Every province addresses this circumstance through legislation, and those of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/sk\/laws\/stat\/ss-2019-c-i-13.2\/latest\/ss-2019-c-i-13.2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saskatchewan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/mb\/laws\/stat\/ccsm-c-i85\/latest\/ccsm-c-i85.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manitoba<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/nl\/laws\/stat\/rsnl-1990-c-i-21\/latest\/rsnl-1990-c-i-21.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Newfoundland and Labrador<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are explicitly named the \u201cIntestate Succession Act.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Typically, when a person dies without a will and he or she is married, all of his or her property passes to the surviving spouse.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If an unmarried person dies without a will, the property will pass to family, and the specific distributions are governed by the law of the particular province. For example, in Ontario the property is divided among children, if any. If there are no children it is divided among any living parents. If there are no parents, it goes to other blood relatives. If there are no relative, the state.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of course, if a person dies <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a valid will, the property will pass to the people entitled to receive it under the will.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-13010\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13010\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cIndigenous peoples can have constitutionally protected title to land.\u201d <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-13010\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-13010\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TRUE<br \/><br \/><\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Courts have recognized \u201cAboriginal title\u201d as one of the existing aboriginal and treaty rights under Section 35(1) of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitution Act<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1982.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The right to land conferred by Aboriginal title is entirely distinct from the common law and civil law (in Quebec) conceptions of property rights. Aboriginal title is an interest in the land that is collective and extends into the future. It can be extinguished by the Crown, and in many parts of Canada, it has been extinguished through treaties. It has been recognized in parts of British Columbia and cases are ongoing in other provinces.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As with all Aboriginal rights, the government has a duty to consult and try to accommodate where its decisions will impact Aboriginal title.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Supreme Court has said that the government can, in some cases, justify infringing on Aboriginal rights including Aboriginal title.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-13011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u201cThe police always need a warrant in order to enter my property.\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-13011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-13011\"><h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FALSE<br \/><br \/><\/span><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are circumstances in which the police may enter private property without prior judicial authorization (i.e., a warrant).<br \/><br \/>For example, police may enter private property during a \u201chot pursuit\u201d in order to arrest a suspect who they have just seen commit a crime. The pursuit must be continuous.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Criminal Code <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">outlines so-called \u201cexigent circumstances\u201d where time is of the essence and it is impracticable to obtain a warrant. One example is a person inside a house screaming for help.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In scenarios where there is an imminent risk of harm (to anyone), or an offence is being committed, entry may be justified. They may also enter to prevent the destruction of evidence.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, under the implied license doctrine, police can enter onto property \u2013 as far as the front door \u2013 in order to speak with the property owner. The owner can also ask them to come back with a warrant.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64e9ca06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64e9ca06\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4076132f\" data-id=\"4076132f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42e816aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"42e816aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23cf7b8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23cf7b8f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1889a008\" data-id=\"1889a008\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46ad89c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"46ad89c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49ab6f39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49ab6f39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our work fighting for Canadians&#8217; rights and creating free educational materials would not be possible without the generosity of CCF supporters, so please consider making a tax-deductible charitable donation today.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1720055f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1720055f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qgiv-embed-container\" data-qgiv-embed=\"true\" data-embed-id=\"88936\" data-embed=\"https:\/\/secure.qgiv.com\/for\/canadianconstitutionfoundation\/embed\/88936\/\" data-width=\"630\"><\/div>\r\n<script>(function(w, d, s, id){var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if (d.getElementById(id)) return;js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;js.src = \"https:\/\/secure.qgiv.com\/resources\/core\/js\/embed.js\";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);})(window, document, 'script', 'qgiv-embedjs');<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2218ee1d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2218ee1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Want more?<\/strong><\/p><p>Sign up to the Canadian Constitution Foundation&#8217;s weekly newsletter, the Freedom Update, using the form below. We&#8217;ll keep you up to date on our latest work defending Canadians&#8217; rights and freedoms, and keep you informed about newly released (and free) online courses and other legal education materials.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d78a08d elementor-button-align-stretch elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"6d78a08d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Next&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Previous&quot;,&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor-pro - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 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data-id=\"54c8de1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On Solid Ground Your Property Rights Welcome! Below you will find a helpful guide to debunking the most common myths about property law in Canada. There are many misconceptions about what the law says about property, and the different forms of property that exist. Our information below busts those myths. To deepen your knowledge, enroll &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/2026\/10\/06\/on-solid-ground-your-property-rights\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">On Solid Ground: Your Property Rights<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2502,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2255"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2255"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2255\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2509,"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2255\/revisions\/2509"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2502"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2255"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2255"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theccf.ca\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2255"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}